Přehled dostupné vědecké literatury k obecně známým tvrzením o betakaryofylenu (BCP)

Tento článek slouží jako rozcestník s odkazy na další informační zdroje zejména pro odborníky a další zájemce o více informací o betakaryofylenu. Dále je článek podkladem pro ověření některých předkládaných tvrzení o BCP, tak aby byla tato tvrzení přesně chápána na nebylo zpochybňováno jejich ukotvení ve vědecky ověřených faktech.

Působení a účinnost betakaryofylenu v organismu.

BCP je látkou, které je schopna vstupovat do organismu a zde působit prostřednictvím vazby na příslušné receptory. Detailně je popsáno zejména působení na receptor CB2, ale předpokládá se vazebná schopnost i na některé jiné receptory. BCP sice nepatří přímo mezi kanabinoidní látky, které se váží na kanabinoidní receptory (CB receptory), přesto je jeho účinek velmi podobný. Proto bývá i CBD někdy nazýván jako kanabinoid nebo tzv. kanabimimetikum – tedy látky, která sice kanabinoidem není, ale produkuje podobný účinek. Vzhledem k tomu, že se váže pouze na CB2 a ne na CB1, nenacházíme u BCP žádný psychoaktivní nebo psychomodulační efekt.

Gertsch J., Leonti M., Raduner S., Chen J.-Z., Xie X.-Q., Altmann K.-H., et al. (2008). Beta-caryophyllene is a Dietary Cannabinoid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 9099–9104. 10.1073/pnas.0803601105 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Další informace k protizánětlivému působení kanabinoidů ze stravy prostřednictvím CB2 receptorů 

Gertsch J. (2008). Antiinflammatory Cannabinoids in Diet - Towards a Better Understanding of CB2 Receptor Action? Commun. Integr. Biol. 1, 26–28. 10.4161/cib.1.1.6568 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hromadící se experimentální studie prokázaly účinky BCP zprostředkované aktivací CB2R při zmírňování zánětu, oxidačního stresu, apoptózy, fibrózy a imunitní modulace.

Protizánětlivý mechanismus BCP závislý na CB2R byl prokázán u:

Orální mukozitidy

Picciolo G., Oteri G., Irrera N., Squadrito F. (2020). β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors. Biomedicines 8, 164. 10.3390/biomedicines8060164 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Glioblastomu

Irrera N., Mannino F., Arcoraci V., Rottura M., Ieni A., Minutoli L., et al. (2020). β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Cell Proliferation through a Direct Modulation of CB2 Receptors in Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers 12, 1038. 10.3390/cancers12041038 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Neuropatické bolesti

Klauke A.-L., Zimmer A. M., Gertsch J., Zimmer A. (2014). The Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid Beta-Caryophyllene Exerts Analgesic Effects in Mouse Models of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 24, 608–620. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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Bipolárních poruch

Hwang E.-S., Kim H.-B., Han G., Han S.-Y., Lee E.-A., Yoon J.-H., et al. (2020). Antidepressant-Like Effects of β-Caryophyllene on Restraint Plus Stress-Induced Depression. Behav. Brain Res. 380, 112439. 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112439 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hojení ran

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Intersticiální cystitidy

Berger G., Chinnadurai A., Westhofen R., Hagn G., Cox A., Kelly M., et al. (2019). Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Activation by Phyto-Derived and Synthetic Cannabinoid Ligands in LPS-Induced Interstitial Cystitis in Mice. Molecules 24, 4239. 10.3390/molecules24234239 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Autoimunitní encefalomyelitidy/roztroušené sklerózy

Alberti T. B., Barbosa W., Vieira J., Raposo N., Dutra R. (2017). (-)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis. IJMS 18, 691. 10.3390/ijms18040691 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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Neurokognitivních poruch

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Chávez-Hurtado P., González-Castañeda R. E., Viveros-Paredes J. M. (2020). β-Caryophyllene Reduces DNA Oxidation and the Overexpression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of D-Galactose-Induced Aged BALB/c Mice. J. Med. Food 23, 515–522. 10.1089/jmf.2019.0111 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Artritidy

Irrera N., Mazzon E., Mannino F., Squadrito V., Arcoraci V., Minutoli L., et al. (2019). β-Caryophyllene Mitigates Collagen Antibody Induced Arthritis (CAIA) in Mice Through a Cross-Talk Between CB2 and PPAR-γ Receptors. Biomolecules 9, 326. 10.3390/biom9080326 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Metabolických a neurobehaviorálních změn

Youssef D. A., El-Fayoumi H. M., Mahmoud M. F. (2019). Beta-Caryophyllene Alleviates Diet-Induced neurobehavioral Changes in Rats: The Role of CB2 and PPAR-γ Receptors. Biomed. Pharmacother. 110, 145–154. 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.039 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Inzulínová rezistence a cévní zánět

Youssef D. A., El-Fayoumi H. M., Mahmoud M. F. (2019). Beta-caryophyllene Protects against Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Vascular Inflammation in Rats: Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ Receptors. Chem. Biol. Interact. 297, 16–24. 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hyperglykémie

Basha R. H., Sankaranarayanan C. (2016). β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Sesquiterpene Lactone Attenuates Hyperglycemia Mediated Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress in Experimental Diabetic Rats. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 245, 50–58. 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.019 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Periferní neuropatie

Segat G. C., Manjavachi M. N., Matias D. O., Freitas C. S., Costa R., Calixto J. B. (2017). Antiallodynic Effect of β-Caryophyllene on Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral neuropathy in Mice. Neuropharmacology 125, 207–219. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.015 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Ateroskleróza

Zhang Z., Yang C., Dai X., Ao Y., Li Y. (2017). Inhibitory Effect of Trans-Caryophyllene (TC) on Leukocyte-Endothelial Attachment. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 329, 326–333. 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.016 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Kardiotoxicita

Meeran M. F. N., Adeghate E., Ojha S. (2019). β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Bicyclic Sesquiterpene Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Chronic Cardiotoxicity via Activation of Myocardial Cannabinoid Type-2 (CB2) Receptors in Rats. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 304, 158–167. 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.028 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Osteoporóza

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Vaskulární demence

Lou J., Teng Z., Zhang L., Ma L., Wang F., Tian X., et al. (2017). β-Caryophyllene/Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Improves Cognitive Deficits in Rats With Vascular Dementia Through the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 -Mediated Pathway. Front. Pharmacol. 8, 2. 10.3389/fphar.2017.00002 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Dopaminergní neurodegenerace/Parkinsonova choroba

Javed H., Azimullah S., Haque M. E. (2016). Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) Receptors Activation Protects Against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Associated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front. Neurosci. 10, 321. 10.3389/fnins.2016.00321 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Alzheimerova choroba

Cheng Y., Dong Z., Liu S. (2014). β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates the Alzheimer-Like Phenotype in APP/PS1 Mice Through CB2 Receptor Activation and the PPARγ Pathway. Pharmacology 94, 1–12. 10.1159/000362689 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Mozková ischemie-reperfúze

Poddighe L., Boi M., Lisai S., Murru E., Muredda L., Collu M., et al. (2018). Acute Administration of Beta-Caryophyllene Prevents Endocannabinoid System Activation during Transient Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis. 17, 23. 10.1186/s12944-018-0661-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Jaterní fibróza

Mahmoud M. F., Swefy S. E., Hasan R. A. (2014). Role of Cannabinoid Receptors in Hepatic Fibrosis and Apoptosis Associated With Bile Duct Ligation in Rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 742, 118–124. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.021 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Plicní zánět

Andrade-Silva M., Correa L. B., Candéa A. L. P., Barbosa H. S., Rosas E. C., Henriques M. G., et al. (2016). The Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Agonist β-Caryophyllene Modulates the Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Mycobacterium Bovis BCG by Inhibiting Neutrophil Migration. Inflamm. Res. 65, 869–879. 10.1007/s00011-016-0969-3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Střevní zánět

Bento A. F., Marcon R., Dutra R. C., Cola M., Pereira Leite D. F., Calixto J. B., et al. (2011). β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice Through CB2 Receptor Activation and PPARγ Pathway. Am. J. Pathol. 178, 1153–1166. 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.052 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Akutní infarkt myokardu

Younis N. S., Mohamed M. E. (2019). β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors. Molecules 24, 1929. 10.3390/molecules24101929 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Akutní poškození ledvin

Horváth B., Mukhopadhyay P., Kechrid M., Tanchian G., Wink D. A., Gertsch J., et al. (2012). β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced nephrotoxicity in a Cannabinoid 2 Receptor-dependent Manner. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52, 1325–1333. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.014 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Diabetická nefropatie

Li H., Wang D., Chen Y., Yang M. (2020). β-Caryophyllene Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Accumulation in Mesangial Cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 84, 106556. 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106556 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Poruchy lipidového metabolizmu

Youssef D. A., El-Fayoumi H. M., Mahmoud M. F. (2019). Beta-caryophyllene Protects against Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Vascular Inflammation in Rats: Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ Receptors. Chem. Biol. Interact. 297, 16–24. 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]